Science and the Martial Arts
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This page is my small contribution of 'content'. I haven't seen this elsewhere on the web in a Martial Arts oriented site. Have you wondered what science, that is to say, peer reviewed journals has to say about the martial arts? Oddly enough there is relatively little research. Here's a sampling. Where worthwhile or available I've included the abstracts (click the underlined first word). You are encouraged to get the full text article from your local research library.

Exercise training and energy restriction decrease neutrophil phagocytic activity in judoists. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33(4): 519-24 2001

Attitudes toward violent conflict resolution among male and female karateka in comparison with practitioners of other sports. Percept Mot Skills, 92(2): 586-8 2001

[Somatic and functional profiles of members of the Slovak karate team] Bratisl Lek Listy, 101(11): 623-4 2000

Mindfulness of movement as a coping strategy in multiple sclerosis. A pilot study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 22(6): 425-31 0

Influence of trauma induced by judo practice on postural control. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 10(5): 292-7 2000

Long-term effects of boxing and judo-choking techniques on brain function. Ital J Neurol Sci, 19(6): 367-72 1998

The effects of Tai Chi Chuan on postural stability in the elderly: preliminary report. Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi, 23(4): 197-204 2000

The repeatability of choku-tsuki and oi-tsuki in traditional Shotokan karate: a morphological three-dimensional analysis. Percept Mot Skills, 90(3 Pt 1): 947-60 2000

Mouth protection in sport in Scotland--a review. Br Dent J, 188(9): 473-4 2000

[Paget-Schroetter syndrome caused by wrestling] Sportverletz Sportschaden, 14(1): 31-4 2000

[Injury profile in modern competitive karate--analysis of 1999 WKC-Karate World Championship Games in Bochum] Sportverletz Sportschaden, 14(1):

The effects of physical exercise on the concentrations of ferritin and transferrin receptor in plasma of female judoists. Int J Sports Med, 21(3): 175-9 2000

Tai Chi Chuan to improve muscular strength and endurance in elderly individuals: a pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 81(5): 604-7 2000

Safety recommendations in Shotokan karate. Clin J Sport Med, 10(2): 117-22 2000

Karate injuries in children and adolescents. Accid Anal Prev, 32(3): 421-5 2000

The energy costs of a modified form of T'ai Chi exercise. Nurs Res, 49(2): 91-6 0

Physiologic study of pressure point techniques used in the martial arts. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 39(4): 328-35 1999

A review of mind/body therapies in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders with implications for the elderly. Altern Ther Health Med, 6(2): 46-56 2000

Balance control, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness among older Tai Chi practitioners. Br J Sports Med, 34(1): 29-34 2000

Neutrophil function response to aerobic and anaerobic exercise in female judoka and untrained subjects. Br J Sports Med, 34(1): 23-8 2000

Correlating testosterone and fighting in male participants in judo contests. Physiol Behav, 68(1-2): 205-9 0

A non-contact complete knee dislocation with popliteal artery disruption, a rare martial arts injury. Postgrad Med J, 75(887): 552-3 1999

Magnesium, zinc, and copper status in women involved in different sports. Int J Sport Nutr, 9(3): 295-309 1999

Effects of T'ai Chi on balance. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 125(11): 1191-5 1999

Improving quality of life for people with chronic conditions: the example of t'ai chi and multiple sclerosis. Altern Ther Health Med, 5(5): 70-4 1999

Judo--the gentle way: a replication of studies on martial arts and aggression. Percept Mot Skills, 88(3 Pt 1): 992-6 1999

Head and neck injuries in young taekwondo athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 39(2): 147-53 1999

Effects of competition and its outcome on serum testosterone, cortisol and prolactin. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 24(5): 551-66 1999

Injury rates in Shotokan karate. Br J Sports Med, 33(3): 174-7 1999

Judo strategy. The competitive dynamics of Internet time. Harv Bus Rev, 77(1): 70-81 0

The effect of Tai Chi on cardiorespiratory function in patients with coronary artery bypass surgery. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31(5): 634-8 1999

A single case report of healing through specific martial art therapy: comparison of MRI to clinical resolution in severe cervical stenosis: a case report. J Altern Complement Med, 5(1): 75-9 1999

Coactivation of the flexor muscles as a synergist with the extensors during ballistic finger extension movement in trained kendo and karate athletes. Int J Sports Med, 20(1): 7-11 1999

Martial arts. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 10(1): 35-47, vi 1999

The effects of aerobic exercise and T'ai Chi on blood pressure in older people: results of a randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc, 47(3): 277-84 1999

Incidence of reported cerebral concussion in adult taekwondo athletes. J R Soc Health, 118(5): 272-9 199

Oxygen uptake, heart rate, and blood lactate responses during and following karate training. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31(2): 342-7 1999

The cardiovascular responses of male subjects to kung fu techniques. Expert/novice paradigm. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 38(4): 323-9 1998

Relationship between muscle fiber pennation and force generation capability in Olympic athletes. Int J Sports Med, 19(8): 541-6 1998

Bilateral epicondylitis in a karate instructor. Orthop Nurs, 17(5): 28-30 0

The application of traditional martial arts practice and theory to the treatment of violent adolescents. Adolescence, 33(131): 505-18 0

Sport and active recreation injuries in Australia: evidence from emergency department presentations. Br J Sports Med, 32(3): 220-5 1998

Spectral analysis of electroencephalography changes after choking in judo (juji-jime). Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30(9): 1356-62 1998

Anticipatory postural adjustment and T'ai Chi Ch'uan. Biomed Sci Instrum, 33(): 65-70 1997

Doing or being? Physician Exec, 24(5): 56-8 0

A study of sports-related mandibular angle fracture: relation to the position of the third molars. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 8(2): 116-9 1998

Physiological profiles of male and female taekwon-do (ITF) black belts. J Sports Sci, 16(3): 243-9 1998

A parametric study of the thoracic injury potential of basic taekwondo kicks. J Biomech Eng, 114(3): 346-51 1992

Psychological research on the martial arts: an addendum to Fuller's review [comment] (Columbus PJ; Br J Med Psychol, 1991 Jun)

Perceived vulnerability and control of martial arts and physical fitness students. (Madden ME; Percept Mot Skills, 1995 Jun)
An analysis of the relationship between hostility and training in the martial arts. (Daniels K; J Sports Sci, 1990 Summer)
Martial arts injuries. (Wilkerson LA; J Am Osteopath Assoc, 1997 Apr)
An analysis of students' reasons for studying martial arts. (Twemlow SW; Percept Mot Skills, 1996 Aug)
 Morbidity and mortality in the martial arts: a warning. (Oler M; J Trauma, 1991 Feb)
[Kapoera--popular dance or martial art?] (Kluger Y; Harefuah, 1997 Jan 15)
Stroke without dissection from a neck holding manoeuvre in martial arts. (McCarron MO; Br J Sports Med, 1997 Dec)
 Psychotherapeutic aspects of the martial arts. (Weiser M; Am J Psychother, 1995 Winter)
 Trends in sports injuries, 1982-1988: an in-depth study on four types of sport. (Tenvergert EM; J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 1992 Jun)
 The martial arts and mental health: the challenge of managing energy. (Seitz FC; Percept Mot Skills, 1990 Apr)
 Three bodies of practice in a traditional South Indian martial art. (Zarrilli PB; Soc Sci Med, 1989)
 Dynamics of the martial arts high front kick. (Sørensen H; J Sports Sci, 1996 Dec)
Trauma epidemiology in the martial arts. The results of an eighteen-year international survey. (Birrer RB; Am J Sports Med, 1996)
Femoral osteochondral fracture--a non-contact injury in martial arts? A case report. (Mbubaegbu CE; Br J Sports Med, 1994 Sep)
 Exploring the basis for Tai Chi Chuan as a therapeutic exercise approach. (Wolf SL; Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1997 Aug)
Cardiovascular and ventilatory responses during formalized T'ai Chi Chuan exercise. (Brown DD; Res Q Exerc Sport, 1989 Sep)
 Martial arts injuries. The results of a five year national survey. (Birrer RB; Am J Sports Med, 1988 Jul-Aug)
 Martial arts: a perspective on their evolution, injuries, and training formats. (Jaffe L; Orthop Rev, 1988 Feb)
 Hypnosis, Ericksonian hypnotherapy, and Aikido. (Windle R; Am J Clin Hypn, 1992 Apr)
 An anatomical analysis of Aikido's third teaching: an investigation of Sankyo. (Olson GD; Percept Mot Skills, 1994 Jun)
 Martial arts for the quadriplegic. (Pandavela J; Am J Phys Med, 1986 Feb)
 Anthropometric somatotype of Italian sport participants. (Gualdi-Russo E; J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 1993 Sep)
 Cardiorespiratory function, flexibility, and body composition among geriatric Tai Chi Chuan practitioners. (Lan C; Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1996 Jun)
Three stress fractures at different sites in the same tibia--a case report. (Ariyoshi M; Acta Orthop Scand, 1997 Aug)
 Self-report benefits of Tai Chi practice by older adults. (Kutner NG; J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 1997 Sep)
Postural-vestibular integration and forms of dreaming: a preliminary report on the effects of brief T'ai Chi Chuan training. (Slater J; Percept Mot Skills, 1997 Aug)
 [The intake of proteins and essential amino acids in top-competing women athletes] (Nuviala Mateo RJ; Nutr Hosp, 1997 Mar-Apr)
 Injury rates in children participating in taekwondo competition. (Pieter W; J Trauma, 1997 Jul)
 Performance time transformed by count as a determinant of difficulty in the Shotokan karate Heian kata set. (Layton C; Percept Mot Skills, 1997 Jun)
Slow movement as a function of advancement in the Shotokan karate kata set. (Layton C; Percept Mot Skills, 1997 Jun)
A long-surviving patient with recurrences of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis after traumatic intra-abdominal rupture. (Sato N; J Gastroenterol, 1996 Dec)
 The effect of Tai Chi Quan and computerized balance training on postural stability in older subjects. Atlanta FICSIT Group. Frailty and Injuries: Cooperative Studies on Intervention Techniques. (Wolf SL; Phys Ther, 1997 Apr)
 Brief aikido training versus karate and golf training and university students' scores on self-esteem, anxiety, and expression of anger. (Foster YA; Percept Mot Skills, 1997 Apr)
 Basic Beijing twenty-four forms of T'ai Chi exercise and average velocity of sway. (Shih J; Percept Mot Skills, 1997 Feb)
The effect of T'ai Chi Chuan training on balance, kinesthetic sense, and strength. (Jacobson BH; Percept Mot Skills, 1997 Feb)
Heart rate, blood lactate responses and ratings of perceived exertion to 1,000 punches and 1,000 kicks in collegiate karate practitioners. (Imamura H; Appl Human Sci, 1997 Jan)
 Heart rate response and perceived exertion during twenty consecutive karate sparring matches. (Imamura H; Aust J Sci Med Sport, 1996 Dec)
Psychological profiles of Korean elite judoists. (Han MW; Am J Sports Med, 1996)
 Tai Chi Chih: an exercise option for older adults. (Schaller KJ; J Gerontol Nurs, 1996 Oct)
An inquiry into application of Gokyo (Aikido's Fifth Teaching) on human anatomy. (Olson GD; Percept Mot Skills, 1996 Jun)
Fracture of the coracoid process in an adolescent. (Cottalorda J; Injury, 1996 Jul)
Complications of type I coronoid fractures in competitive athletes: report of two cases and review of the literature. (Liu SH; J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 1996 May-Jun)
Blinding choroidal rupture in a karateka. (Mars JS; Br J Sports Med, 1995 Dec)
Precompetition injury and subsequent tournament performance in full-contact taekwondo. (Feehan M; Br J Sports Med, 1995 Dec)
 Energy cost and energy sources in karate. (Francescato MP; Eur J Appl Physiol, 1995)
 Changes in haemodynamic parameters following Tai Chi Chuan and aerobic exercise in patients recovering from acute myocardial infarction. (Channer KS; Postgrad Med J, 1996 Jun)
The benefits of Tai Chi. (Lutz S; Beginnings, 1996 Apr)
Apophysitis of the acromion. (Morisawa K; J Shoulder Elbow Surg, 1996 Mar-Apr)
Sports-specific injuries. (Plancher KD; Clin Sports Med, 1996 Apr)
Iliopsoas haematoma in an adolescent Taekwondo player. (Maffulli N; Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 1996)
 Anticipatory postural adjustment and T'ai Chi Ch'uan. (Forrest WR; Biomed Sci Instrum, 1997)
 Complete avulsion of the hamstring tendons from the ischial tuberosity. A report of two cases sustained in judo. (Kurosawa H; Br J Sports Med, 1996 Mar)
Kung Fu phlebitis: an unusual presentation of Mondor's disease [letter] (Schlueter AJ; Am J Hematol, 1996 May)
Traumatic atlanto-axial subluxation and missed cervical spine injuries. (Freeman BJ; Hosp Med, 1998 Apr)
Get up and move: a call to action for older men and women [editorial; comment] (Blair SN; J Am Geriatr Soc, 1996 May)
Balance and strength training in older adults: intervention gains and Tai Chi maintenance [see comments] (Wolfson L; J Am Geriatr Soc, 1996 May)
 Physiological profiles of male and female taekwon-do (ITF) black belts. (Heller J; J Sports Sci, 1998 Apr)
Female judoists: their hormones, muscles, and bones [see comments] (Nader S; Lancet, 1996 Apr 6)
The therapeutic effects of Tai Chi for the elderly. (Ross MC; J Gerontol Nurs, 1998 Feb)
Discriminant effectiveness of psychological state measures in predicting performance outcome in karate competition. (Terry PC; Percept Mot Skills, 1995 Aug)
 Hypoestrogenemia and rhabdomyelysis (myoglobinuria) in the female judoist: a new worrying phenomenon? (De Cr´ee C; J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1995 Dec)
 [Experiences and effects with 6 years of judo training in ambulatory rehabilitation of bronchial asthma in childhood] (Kriegel VG; Rehabilitation (Stuttg), 1998 Feb)
Electrical sensation during Tai-Chi practice as the first manifestation of multiple sclerosis. (Achiron A; Clin Neurol Neurosurg, 1997 Dec)
Two-year trends in cardiorespiratory function among older Tai Chi Chuan practitioners and sedentary subjects. (Lai JS; J Am Geriatr Soc, 1995 Nov)
Tai-Chi Chuan [letter] (Kirsteins A; Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1998 Apr)
New horizons ... developing tai chi for health care. (Lam P; Aust Fam Physician, 1998 Jan-Feb)
[Traumatic finger polyarthrosis in judo athletes: a follow-up study] (Strasser P; Z Rheumatol, 1997 Dec)
T'ai chi for osteoarthritis: an introduction for primary care physicians. (Lumsden DB; Geriatrics, 1998 Feb)
Balance exercises. Staying steady on your feet. (; Mayo Clin Health Lett, 1998 Feb)
 Anxiety, self-confidence and performance in Tae Kwon-Do. (Chapman C; Percept Mot Skills, 1997 Dec)
[A reading experience changed life. Revolving message in a mediocre text] (S¨oderstr¨om U; Lakartidningen, 1998 Jan 7)
[Parameters of the functional state of the body in highly qualified judo fighters in the final stages of training for competitions] (Isaev AP; Fiziol Cheloveka, 1995 Mar-Apr)
Balance and harmony: the essence of t'ai chi. (Levitt R; Nurs Spectr (Wash D C), 1997 Sep 8)
Does brief Aikido training reduce aggression of youth? (Delva-Tauiliili J; Percept Mot Skills, 1995 Feb)
Combat and empty hands [editorial] (Hopkins GO; J R Army Med Corps, 1995 Feb)
Body-mind-spirit responses [letter] (Levine R; ASHA, 1997 Fall)
Unsuspected muscular radionuclide uptake due to chronic muscular injury contracted during sports activity. (Roland J; Clin Nucl Med, 1997 Sep)
A therapeutic programme for people with dementia. (Gibb H; Int J Nurs Pract, 1997 Sep)
 Anticipation of job loss or job change and cardiovascular risk factors: a study of retiring self-defense officials in Japan. (Liu Y; J Epidemiol, 1997 Sep)
 Ballistic movement performance in karate athletes. (Zehr EP; Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1997 Oct)
 Injuries in national karate competitions in Finland. (Tuominen R; Scand J Med Sci Sports, 1995 Feb)
 Bone density and bone metabolic markers in active collegiate athletes: findings in long-distance runners, judoists, and swimmers. (Matsumoto T; Int J Sports Med, 1997 Aug)
 The effect of voluntary ventilation on acid-base responses to a Moo Duk Tkow form. (Hetzler RK; Res Q Exerc Sport, 1989 Mar)
[De-afferented state syndrome (locked-in syndrome) following sudden cervical sprain trauma during a karate training session] (Pentore R; Riv Neurol, 1991 Mar-Apr)
 Physiological and performance responses to overtraining in elite judo athletes. (Callister R; Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1990 Dec)
Silastic tendon graft: its role in neglected tendon repair. (LaBarbiera AP; J Foot Surg, 1990 Sep-Oct)
 Skinfolds and body composition of sports participants. (Gualdi Russo E; J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 1992 Sep)
Comments on 'Thoracic injury potential of basic competition Taekwondo kicks' [letter; comment] (Yeadon MR; J Biomech, 1992 Oct)
Cardiopulmonary exercise: a recently discovered secret of tai chi. (Ng RK; Hawaii Med J, 1992 Aug)
 Analysis of the effect of competitive trait anxiety on performance in Taekwondo competition. (Finkenberg ME; Percept Mot Skills, 1992 Aug)
A parametric study of the thoracic injury potential of basic taekwondo kicks. (Chuang TY; J Biomech Eng, 1992 Aug)
[Perception and evaluation of tactile information in qualified athletes] (Pidoria AM; Fiziol Cheloveka, 1992 May-Jun)
Physical and psychosocial benefits of modified judo practice for blind, mentally retarded children: a pilot study. (Gleser JM; Percept Mot Skills, 1992 Jun)
 Efficacy of Tai Chi, brisk walking, meditation, and reading in reducing mental and emotional stress. (Jin P; J Psychosom Res, 1992 May)
 Self-defense training for college women. (Cummings N; J Am Coll Health, 1992 Jan)
[A case of pneumomediastinum caused by closed tracheal injury during the game of Kendo (Japanese fencing)] (Komatsu H; Masui, 1992 Apr)
"Effort thrombosis (Paget-Schroetter's syndrome) secondary to martial arts training. (Zigun JR; Am J Sports Med, 1988 Mar-Apr)
 Metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses to the performance of Wing Chun and T'ai Chi Chuan exercise. (Schneider D; Int J Sports Med, 1991 Jun)
 Physiological characteristics of elite judo athletes. (Callister R; Int J Sports Med, 1991 Apr)
 Blood pressure and heart rate reactivity to mental strain in adolescent judo athletes. (Szab´o A; Physiol Behav, 1994 Aug)
 Effects of positive and negative music on performance of a karate drill. (Ferguson AR; Percept Mot Skills, 1994 Jun)
 Aggressive behavior as a function of Taekwondo ranking. (Skelton DL; Percept Mot Skills, 1991 Feb)
 Alcohol consumption and blood pressure: an extended study of self-defence officials in Japan. (Wakabayashi K; Int J Epidemiol, 1994 Apr)
Vertebral-artery dissection following a judo session: a case report. (Lannuzel A; Neuropediatrics, 1994 Apr)
An examination of Aikido's Fourth Teaching: an anatomical study of the tissues of the forearm. (Olson GD; Percept Mot Skills, 1990 Dec)
 [Punch drunk syndrome due to repeated karate kicks and punches] (Aotsuka A; Rinsho Shinkeigaku, 1990 Nov)
[Sports activities in a patient operated for congenital coronary fistula] (Minutiello L; Minerva Cardioangiol, 1990 Oct)
Haematological and iron-related parameters of male endurance and strength trained athletes. (Spodaryk K; Eur J Appl Physiol, 1993)
 Oxygen uptake, heartrate and blood lactate responses to the Chito-Ryu Seisan kata in skilled karate practitioners. (Zehr EP; Int J Sports Med, 1993 Jul)
Another cause of tennis elbow [letter] (Shapiro DH; N Engl J Med, 1990 Nov 15)
Taping of foot and ankle for Korean karate. (Agnew PS; J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 1993 Sep)
Karate for self-defense: an analysis of Goju-ryu and Kyokushinkai kata. (Layton C; Percept Mot Skills, 1993 Dec)
An analysis of sidedness in traditional Goju-ryu karate kata. (Layton C; Percept Mot Skills, 1993 Dec)
The anatomy of Nikyo (Aikido's second teaching). (Eckert JW; Percept Mot Skills, 1993 Dec)
 [Judo in a training group for children with asthma] (H¨uhnerbein J; Kinderarztl Prax, 1993 Oct)
 Kung-Fu: synthesis of wheelchair sport and self-protection. (Madorsky JG; Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1989 Jun)
Comparison of the testosterone-to-cortisol ratio values obtained from hormonal assays in saliva and serum. (Obmi´nski Z; J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 1997 Mar)
Mind-body fitness: encouraging prospects for primary and secondary prevention. (La Forge R; J Cardiovasc Nurs, 1997 Apr)
An east Asian perspective of mind-body [see comments] (Nagatomo S; J Med Philos, 1996 Aug)
 Time-of-day dependence of isokinetic leg strength and associated interday variability. (Wyse JP; Br J Sports Med, 1994 Sep)
 Body composition and isokinetic strength of professional Sumo wrestlers. (Kanehisa H; Eur J Appl Physiol, 1998 Mar)
 Contrasting plasma free amino acid patterns in elite athletes: association with fatigue and infection. (Kingsbury KJ; Br J Sports Med, 1998 Mar)
 Acute injuries in soccer, ice hockey, volleyball, basketball, judo, and karate: analysis of national registry data [see comments] (Kujala UM; BMJ, 1995 Dec 2)
 Gradual and rapid weight loss: effects on nutrition and performance in male athletes. (Fogelholm GM; Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1993 Mar)
 Length of training, hostility and the martial arts: a comparison with other sporting groups. (Daniels K; Br J Sports Med, 1992 Sep)
Foot and ankle injuries among martial artists. Results of a survey. (Burks JB; J Am Podiatr Med Assoc, 1998 Jun)
Martial arts and psychological health [see comments] (Fuller JR; Br J Med Psychol, 1988 Dec)
 Physical performance attributes of junior and senior women, juvenile, junior, and senior men judokas. (Little NG; J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 1991 Dec)
 Body image and steroid use in male bodybuilders. (Blouin AG; Int J Eat Disord, 1995 Sep)
Zen and the art of surgery. (Baker CC; Surgery, 1993 Aug)
Judo principles and practices: applications to conflict-solving strategies in psychotherapy. (Gleser J; Am J Psychother, 1988 Jul)
Biomechanical study of full-contact karate contrasted with boxing. (Schwartz ML; J Neurosurg, 1986 Feb)
Ballistic movement performance in karate athletes. (Zehr EP; Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1997 Oct)
 Discriminant effectiveness of psychological state measures in predicting performance outcome in karate competition. (Terry PC; Percept Mot Skills, 1995 Aug)
Acute injuries in soccer, ice hockey, volleyball, basketball, judo, and karate: analysis of national registry data [see comments] (Kujala UM; BMJ, 1995 Dec 2)
Effect of prolonged administration of insecticide (Cyhalothrin/Karate) on the blood and liver of rabbits. (Shakoori AR; Folia Biol (Krakow), 1992)
 Prevention of injury in karate. (Johannsen HV; Br J Sports Med, 1988 Sep)
Energy cost and energy sources in karate. (Francescato MP; Eur J Appl Physiol, 1995)
 Changes in muscle strength and speed of an unloaded movement after various training programmes. (Voigt M; Eur J Appl Physiol, 1990)
 The hands of karate experts. Clinical and radiological findings. (Crosby AC; Br J Sports Med, 1985 Mar)
 Further development for testing the effects of pesticides on wolf spiders. (Hof A; Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 1995 Aug)
 Mood alterations with a single bout of physical activity [see comments] (McGowan RW; Percept Mot Skills, 1991 Jun)


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