Exercise training and energy restriction decrease neutrophil phagocytic activity in judoists.
Author
Kowatari K , Umeda T , Shimoyama T , Nakaji S , Yamamoto Y , Sugawara K |
Source
Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33(4): 519-24 2001
Abstract
PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of weight reduction as the result of exercise training and energy restriction on neutrophil function. METHODS: Eighteen male competitive college judoists participated in the study. In a whole blood assay, oxidative burst activity, phagocytic activity, expressions of Fc gamma receptor 3 (CD16), and complement receptor 3 (CD11b) of neutrophils were measured on a per cell basis by flow cytometry at day 20, 5, and 1 before and at day 7 after the competition. RESULTS: The rate of neutrophil producing reactive oxygen species decreased before the competition, whereas the oxidative burst activity per cell increased significantly in all subjects, which resulted in a significant increase of the total oxidative burst activity. However, there were no significant effect of energy restriction on oxidative burst activity. The rate of neutrophils incorporating opsonized zymosan decreased significantly with energy restriction. The total phagocytic activity of 10,000 neutrophils and the phagocytic activity per cell also decreased significantly by severe energy restriction. The surface antigen expressions of CD11b and CD16 were unaffected by weight reduction. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that with respect to the management of health conditions, weight reduction for judoists should be composed of exercise training and energy restriction should be moderate. Heart rate, blood lactate responses and ratings of perceived exertion to 1,000 punches and 1,000 kicks in collegiate karate practitioners.

Attitudes toward violent conflict resolution among male and female karateka in comparison with practitioners of other sports.
Author
Björkqvist K , Varhama L
Source
Percept Mot Skills, 92(2): 586-8 2001
Abstract
: Most modern martial arts are based upon a philosophy of nonviolence. Whether practitioners of karate indeed have more negative attitudes toward violent conflict resolution than wrestlers and boxers, noncontact sportsmen, and controls practising no sports was investigated (N = 319; 214 men, 105 women; M age = 24.1 yr.). Within sex, male karateka held relatively negative attitudes toward violent conflict resolution, whereas the opposite was noted for female karateka.

[Somatic and functional profiles of members of the Slovak karate team]
Author
: Dzurenkova D , Zemkova E , Hajkova M , Marcek T , Novotna E
Source
Bratisl Lek Listy, 101(11): 623-4 2000
Abstract
: The exercise load in karate is prevailingly of anaerobic character, the fact of which is evident by the increase in heart frequency and the levels of blood lactate. During competition, the heart frequency achieved the values of 180-199 beats per minute and the level of blood lactate following the competition was 4.5-6.5 mmol/l. The values of lactate were substantially higher during the training unit (at the time of chronometric measurement) when exercise was more intensive 5.8-12.5 mmo/l at the heart frequency of 180-200 or even more beats per minute, than during competition. The aim of this work was to find out the basic morphologic and functional profiles in the representatives of the National Karate Team on the basis of laboratory methods.

T'ai Chi Chih as an intervention for heart failure.
Author
: Fontana JA , Colella C , Baas LS , Ghazi F
Source
Nurs Clin North Am, 35(4): 1031-46 2000
Abstract
: A program of T'ai Chi Chih, a modified T'ai Chi exercise, was piloted in a study comprised of a small sample of individuals with heart failure. A conceptual framework guided the study design, integrating theories of the neurohormonal dynamics of heart failure with mind-body holistic perspectives of health. Comparisons of pre- and post-measures of heart failure symptoms, general health, mental health, functional capacity, and energy perceptions support the potential of T'ai Chi Chih in managing heart failure symptoms and improving quality of life. In this article, quantitative interviews capture the meaning of experiencing a complementary therapy as an intervention for chronic illness. Participation in T'ai Chi Chih by individuals with heart failure is a cost-effective, noninvasive alternative strategy that warrants continued investigation.

Mindfulness of movement as a coping strategy in multiple sclerosis. A pilot study.
Author
Mills N , Allen J
Source
Gen Hosp Psychiatry, 22(6): 425-31 0
Abstract
: This study investigated the effectiveness of a short course of mindfulness of movement to help with symptom management in eight people with multiple sclerosis. Progress was compared to a control group who were asked to continue with their current care. Each participant received six individual one-to-one sessions of instruction. They were also provided with audio and videotape aides. Each participant was assessed on a test of balance, pre- and post-intervention, and at 3-month follow-up. All participants completed a rating of change of 22 symptoms relevant to multiple sclerosis. A close relative or friend was also asked to assess independently the degree of change. The mindfulness group reported improvement over a broad range of symptoms. This was verified by the relatives' independent rating and maintained at 3 month follow-up. The control group showed no improvement but instead tended towards a deterioration on many of the items. The physical assessment of balance also showed a significant improvement for the mindfulness group. This improvement was maintained at 3 month follow-up. In conclusion, training in mindfulness of movement appeared to result in improved symptom management for this group of people with multiple sclerosis. This was a pilot study, using small numbers, so the results need to be treated with caution. Several improvements to the experimental design are suggested. The role of individual therapeutic ingredients is discussed.

Influence of trauma induced by judo practice on postural control.
Author
: Perrot C , Mur JM , Mainard D , Barrault D , Perrin PP
Source
Scand J Med Sci Sports, 10(5): 292-7 2000
Abstract
: Although high-level sports develop specific physiological and sensorimotor abilities involved in balance control, they also increase the risk of injuries. The influence on postural control of lower limb trauma induced by judo practice was examined in healthy and previously injured judoists (PIJ). During static and dynamic tests, performed with or without vision, PIJ achieved the best performances in maintaining proper balance, except for those with the most severe antecedents of trauma. The severity of the pathology appeared to be the most important parameter prejudicial to balance control while the location, frequency and diversity of trauma had only a modest impact. This shows that PIJ develop excellent sensory and cognitive adaptation abilities to constraints involving new patterns of compensation and of body scheme.

Long-term effects of boxing and judo-choking techniques on brain function.
Author
: Rodriguez G , Vitali P , Nobili F
Source
Ital J Neurol Sci, 19(6): 367-72 1998
Abstract
: Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured by 133-xenon inhalation in 24 amateur and 20 professional boxers, and in 10 judoka. Results were compared with those from age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Eighteen boxers (9 amateurs and 9 professionals) and all judoka also underwent electroencephalography (EEG). Mean rCBF values did not differ between either amateur boxers orjudoka and controls, whereas in professional boxers rCBF was significantly (p<.001) reduced in the whole brain, especially in the frontocentral regions. Healthy subjects, judoka, and amateur boxers showed a similar distribution of global CBF (gCBF, the mean of 32 probes) values, although 12.5% of amateurs had a significantly lower gCBF than controls. Among professional boxers, 25% showed a significantly low gCBF value; in the remaining 75%, gCBF was below the mean value of controls but did not reach statistical significance. Regional hypoperfusion, mainly in the frontocentral regions of both sides, was found in 35% of professional and in 29% of amateur boxers. A correlation between gCBF values and number of official matches was not found in boxers. EEG was normal in all judoka and amateur boxers, but it was abnormal in 3 professionals. This study shows the relevance of the neurophysiological assessment of athletes engaged in violent sports which can cause brain impairment. In fact, while professional boxers may show brain functional impairment in comparison to normal subjects, judoka do not. The lack of correlation between CBF values in boxers and the number of official matches points to the difficulty of taking into account variables, such as the number and the severity of matches during training.

The effects of Tai Chi Chuan on postural stability in the elderly: preliminary report.
Author
: Lin YC , Wong AM , Chou SW , Tang FT , Wong PY
Source
Changgeng Yi Xue Za Zhi, 23(4): 197-204 2000
Abstract
: BACKGROUND: Tai chi chuan (TCC) is a traditional Chinese conditioning exercise, consisting of a series of graceful movements linked together in a continuous sequence so that the body is constantly shifting from one foot to the other. We propose that subjects practicing TCC will have better postural control and stability than will active non-practitioners. METHODS: We compare static and dynamic postural controls in 14 TCC practitioners and 14 healthy active older adults using the Smart Balance Master System. The TCC group, containing 7 male and 7 female subjects (mean age, 70.9 +/- 3.3 years), had been practicing TCC regularly for 2 to 35 years. The control group included 4 male and 10 female healthy and active older subjects (mean age, 69.1 +/- 3.1 years), with age and body size matched to the TCC group. RESULTS: The results of static postural control tests showed no differences between the TCC and control groups under simple conditions (eyes open, eyes closed, swaying vision, and eyes open with swaying surface), but in the more complicated conditions (eyes closed with sway-referenced support and sway-referenced vision and support), the TCC group had significantly better results than the control group. In the dynamic balance test, the TCC group had significantly better results only in the rhythmic forward-backward weight-shifting test. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate that regular TCC practitioners have better postural stability, especially in the more complicated conditions with disturbed visual and somatosensory conditions.

The repeatability of choku-tsuki and oi-tsuki in traditional Shotokan karate: a morphological three-dimensional analysis.
Author
: Sforza C , Turci M , Grassi G , Fragnito N , Pizzini G , Ferrario VF
Source
Percept Mot Skills, 90(3 Pt 1): 947-60 2000
Abstract
: The aim of the study was to quantify the repeatability of the displacement of selected body landmarks while performing two different basic karate attacks. Seven karateka (three men, four women) with different levels of training and knowledge of karate were filmed with an optoelectronic computerized instrument (sampling rate 100 Hz) that allows the three-dimensional reconstruction of the movements of selected body landmarks. Thirteen landmarks (head, hips, upper and lower limbs) were analyzed while performing 10 repetitions each of choku-tsuki (straight punch) and oi-tsuki (lunge punch). For each karateka and punch, the average time of execution was calculated, and the standard deviations of each of the three spatial coordinates x, y, z were computed for each landmark. A total standard deviation of the single karateka and punch was also calculated. For all karateka, the execution of oi-tsuki took longer than the execution of choku-tsuki. For both punches and almost all landmarks, the largest repeatability (smallest standard deviation) was found in the vertical direction, while the smallest was found in the anteroposterior direction (direction of movement). In all karateka, oi-tsuki had a total standard deviation about 3 to 6 times larger than that measured during the performance of choku-tsuki. On average, women had a larger repeatability than men. The method employed in the current study allowed the quantitative analysis of the repeatability of two basic attacks in Shotokan karate by using a landmark based approach. The method could offer valuable help to karateka during training indicating which parts of the body do not repeat a selected movement with sufficient accuracy, thus assisting in the achievement of the most correct body form.

Mouth protection in sport in Scotland--a review.
Author
: Holmes C
Source
Br Dent J, 188(9): 473-4 2000
Abstract
: The oral health strategy for Scotland, which was published in 1995, recommends that dentists promote the use of mouth protection in sport to reduce the risk of injury. There is compulsory mouthguard use in some sports including ice-hockey, fencing, boxing, lacrosse and some forms of autocycling. In cricket, face protection appears to be compulsory for batsmen only. The use of mouth protection in the martial arts is compulsory at international level but, in the UK, the rule does not seem to be always enforced at club level. Players of contact sports, such as rugby and hockey, are considered to be more at risk of dentoalveolar injury and the governing bodies of these sports recommend that players at all levels wear mouth protection but have not made it mandatory.

[Paget-Schroetter syndrome caused by wrestling]
Author
: Zell L , Scheffler P , Marschall F , Buchter A
Source
Sportverletz Sportschaden, 14(1): 31-4 2000
Abstract
: Upper extremity thrombosis (Paget-Schroetter syndrome) hints already at physical strains with regard to the synonymous term "effort thrombosis". We report two cases of upper extremity thrombosis caused by wrestling. Wrestling as an example of martial arts activity leads to traumatic venous intima lesions with resulting local activation of coagulation as a main reason in pathogenesis of these thromboses. The possibility of a Paget-Schroetter syndrome should be considered in differential diagnosis if upper extremity complaints of unknown origin occur after wrestling matches. This kind of subclavian vein thrombosis should be reported to the accident insurance.

[Injury profile in modern competitive karate--analysis of 1999 WKC-Karate World Championship Games in Bochum]
Author
: Müller-Rath R , Bolte S , Petersen P , Mommsen U
Source
Sportverletz Sportschaden, 14(1): 20-4 2000
Abstract
: Competitions in Karate are either carried out as Shobu sanbon (with fist padding) or Shobu Ippon (without fist padding). Aim of this study was to gain current data on injuries in modern competitive Karate and to compare the two different competitive systems. During the WKC-Karate-World-Championships held from June 12-13 1999 at Bochum, 392 bouts were carried out. Every injury that was seen by the tournament doctor was registered. 142 competitors sustained 168 injuries: 141 mostly minor contusions of the head and throat, 12 facial lacerations, 3 knock-outs (mild brain injury), 3 thoracal contusions, 1 midfoot fracture and 9 other blunt injuries. We saw more injuries in Shobu Sanbon (146/302 bouts) than in Shobu Ippon (23/90). Most of the injuries (152) were caused by punches. In Shobu Sanbon, kicking techniques led to 17 injuries only. The injury pattern shown here is comparable to earlier studies. Severe injuries in competitive Karate are rare. The higher number of injuries in Shobu sanbon may be due to the longer fighting time and higher scoring. Fist pads used in Shobu Sanbon might also lead to a loss of control. Therefore, prophylactic fist padding to avoid injuries in competitive Karate has to be seen critically.

The effects of physical exercise on the concentrations of ferritin and transferrin receptor in plasma of female judoists.
Author
: Malczewska J , Błach W , Stupnicki R
Source
Int J Sports Med, 21(3): 175-9 2000
Abstract
: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of physical exercise on the changes in concentrations of ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) in plasma in course of 10 consecutive days of a training camp. Ten female elite judoists, aged 17-23 years, participated in the study. Mean concentration of ferritin for the 10 day period was 62.8 x 1.633(+/-1) microg/l, the within-subject, day-to-day variability being very high (13-75%). Ferritin concentrations were significantly correlated with the training load on the preceding day (r = 0.397; p < 0.001). Mean level of sTfR was 2.56 x 1.291(+/-1) mg/l and its within-subject variability was much lower (4-16%). Although the training loads had an effect on the intravascular hemolysis as indicated by a significant, negative correlation between load scores and haptoglobin concentration (r = -0.282; p < 0.01), the latter was not correlated significantly with sTfR levels. It was concluded that the soluble transferrin receptor is a more stable indicator of iron status under high training loads since, unlike ferritin, it does not respond to the workload on the preceding day. Moreover, the intravascular hemolysis observed in athletes does not affect the sTfR levels in plasma.

Tai Chi Chuan to improve muscular strength and endurance in elderly individuals: a pilot study.
Author
: Lan C , Lai JS , Chen SY , Wong MK
Source
Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 81(5): 604-7 2000
Abstract
: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the training effect of a Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) program on knee extensor muscular strength and endurance in elderly individuals. DESIGN: Before-after trial. SETTING: Community setting. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-one community dwelling subjects aged 61.1 +/- 9.8 years undertook a TCC program. Nine dropped out during the study. Pretraining and posttraining measurements were obtained from 15 men and 17 women. INTERVENTION: Subjects participated in a 6-month TCC program. Each session consisted of 20 minutes of warm-up, 24 minutes of structured TCC training, and 10 minutes of cool-down exercises. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Peak torque of dominant and nondominant knee extensors was tested at speeds of 60 degrees , 180 degrees , and 240 degrees/sec concentrically and eccentrically. Muscular endurance of the knee extensor was tested at the speed of 180 degrees /sec. RESULTS: In the group of men, concentric knee extensor peak torque increased by 15.1% to 20.0% and eccentric peak torque increased by 15.1% to 23.7%. The group of women also showed increases, ranging from 13.5% to 21.8% in concentric peak torque, and 18.3% to 23.8% in eccentric peak torque. In addition, the knee extensor endurance ratio increased by 9.6% to 18.8% in the men and 10.1% to 14.6% in the women. CONCLUSION: TCC training may enhance muscular strength and endurance of knee extensors in elderly individuals.

Safety recommendations in Shotokan karate.
Author
: Zetaruk MN , Zurakowski D , Violan MA , Micheli LJ
Source
Clin J Sport Med, 10(2): 117-22 2000
Abstract
: OBJECTIVE: To study risk factors for injury in karate and to establish safety recommendations. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of karate injuries. SETTING: Shotokan karate clubs in Boston, Massachusetts, Dallas, Texas, and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. PARTICIPANTS: All athletes training at each club received surveys. A total of 114 surveys were analyzed (74% response rate). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Presence of injuries (requiring any time off from practice), major injuries (requiring at least 7 days off), and multiple injuries (3 or more injuries). RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found with respect to sex. For all outcomes, karateka younger than 18 years of age had fewer injuries. The number of karateka with injuries and with multiple injuries increased with belt rank until brown belt, then reached a plateau. Brown and black belts had a greater frequency of major injuries than the lower ranks. Training more than 3 hours per week correlated with an increase in injuries, major injuries, and multiple injuries. CONCLUSION: Shotokan karate appears to be a safe sport, especially for those younger than 18 years of age. Risk of injury increases significantly when younger karateka of any rank or older karateka of lower ranks train more than 3 hours per week; therefore, to reduce the risk of injury to less than 50%, weekly training should be limited to a maximum of 3 hours in these groups.

Karate injuries in children and adolescents.
Author
: Zetaruk MN , Violan MA , Zurakowski D , Micheli LJ
Source
Accid Anal Prev, 32(3): 421-5 2000
Abstract
: OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors for injury and to establish safety guidelines for children in Uechi-Ryu karate. DESIGN: A 1-year retrospective survey of injuries. SETTING: A private karate school (Uechi-Ryu style) in Plymouth, MA. PATIENTS: A total of 68 athletes (age 6-16 years; mean age 10 years) who participated in karate during the 1995-1996 season. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The presence or absence of injury, with grading of injuries as major, moderate or minor. The types of injuries and body region involved were also analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty eight percent of athletes sustained at least one injury. All injuries were minor, with no time off from training required. The injuries consisted primarily of bruises (11 of 19). Other injuries included mild sprains or strains (5 of 19) and having their 'wind knocked out' (3 of 19). Most injuries were localized to the extremities. Logistic regression analysis identified risk factors for injury. Risk of injury increased with number of years of training (odds ratio 2.95; 95% confidence interval 1.81-4.82; P<0.0001), number of hours per week (odds ratio 2.12; CI 1.15-4.21; P = 0.016) and rank, specifically brown belt versus lower belts (odds ratio 6.56; CI 2.02-21.26; P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Karate is a relatively safe sport for children and adolescents when properly taught. Risk of injury increases with experience; therefore, greater supervision is required of higher ranks. Injury increases with weekly training; however, 3 h a week or less appears to be associated with a low risk of significant injury in this age group.

The energy costs of a modified form of T'ai Chi exercise.
Author
: Fontana JA , Colella C , Wilson BR , Baas L
Source
Nurs Res, 49(2): 91-6 0
Abstract
: BACKGROUND: Alternative strategies for exercises that provide both training and relaxation benefits are optimal for persons with very low functional capacities who also are at high risk for complications. T'ai Chi C'hih, a modified form of traditional T'ai Chi, is a series of slow balanced movements and breathing promoted to increase energy levels and induce relaxation. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the energy costs and cardiovascular effects of T'ai Chi C'hih. Measured energy costs of specific activities can assist with safe exercise prescription for individuals with very low energy reserves. METHODS: A convenience sample (n = 26) of healthy adults participated in this study, which involved completion of surveys to estimate functional capacity and exercise participation, training in a select series of nine T'ai Chi C'hih movements, and oxygen consumption testing while movements are performed. Movements involving front to back and lateral moves of the lower extremity, full shoulder range of motion of upper extremity, and deep forced inhalation and stepped exhalations were performed at slow to fast cadences in sitting and standing positions. The Human Activity Profile was used to estimate lifestyle energy consumption. Exercise participation was quantified as Kcal/Kg(1) expended per week. RESULTS: Metabolic equivalents (METs) for sitting T'ai Chi C'hih movements were estimated to be 1.5 +/- 0.17 and 2.3 +/- 0.34 for slow standing, and 2.6 +/- 0.47 for fast standing. Mean maximum heart rates ranged from 43% to 49% of predicted maximum heart rates. Mean increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures over resting were 8%. Mean METs of breathing exercises ranged from 3 to 3.6. There were no differences in responses to the movements by gender or experience with T'ai Chi exercise. CONCLUSION: The movements used to perform T'ai Chi C'hih require energy expenditure comparable with that for activities of daily living and for low level exercises currently recommended for persons with low exercise tolerance. Therefore, T'ai Chi C'hih may be an alternative approach to health promotion in many populations with chronic disease.

Physiologic study of pressure point techniques used in the martial arts.
Author
: Terry C , Barclay DK , Patterson T , Stecker MM
Source
J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 39(4): 328-35 1999
Abstract
: BACKGROUND: Study physiologic changes occurring during "knockouts" produced by application of pressure point techniques during martial arts demonstrations. METHODS: Experimental design: prospective analysis of physiologic variables during and immediately following an acute event. Setting: martial arts demonstration carried out at a medical center hospital. Subjects: 12 normal volunteers participating in a martial arts demonstration. Interventions: application of various pressure point techniques that have been observed to produce states of unresponsiveness in volunteers. Measures: continuous ECG and video/EEG monitoring with measurements of blood pressure and oxygen saturation. Qualitative analysis of EEG and ECG recordings and quantitative comparison of heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation measurements before during and after the period of induced unconsciousness. RESULTS: No significant changes in blood pressure, oxygen saturation, cardiac rate or rhythm, or electroencephalogram are noted during the knockouts produced by application of pressure point techniques. There was only variable inability for subjects to remember words spoken to them during the episode of apparent unresponsiveness. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism for the state of unresponsiveness produced by application of pressure point techniques is not related to a significant cardiac or pulmonary process. There is no evidence of reduced cerebral blood flow during this time or of other dangerous physiologic changes. The exact mechanism for this phenomenon remains uncertain.

A review of mind/body therapies in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders with implications for the elderly.
Author
: Luskin FM , Newell KA , Griffith M , Holmes M , Telles S , DiNucci E , Marvasti FF , Hill M , Pelletier KR , Haskell WL
Source
Altern Ther Health Med, 6(2): 46-56 2000
Abstract
: BACKGROUND: A comprehensive, but not systematic, review of the research on complementary and alternative treatments, specifically mind/body techniques, on musculoskeletal disease was conducted at Stanford University. The goals of the review were to establish a comprehensive literature review and provide a rationale for future research carrying the theme of "successful aging." METHODS: Computerized searches were conducted using MEDLINE, PsychInfo, Stanford Library, Dissertation
Abstract
s, Lexus-Nexus, the Internet as well as interviews conducted with practitioners and the elderly. Mind/body practices evaluated were: social support, cognitive-behavioral therapy, meditation, the placebo effect, imagery, visualization, spiritual/energy healing, music therapy, hypnosis, yoga, tai chi, and qigong. Studies published after 1990 were the priority, but when more recent literature was scarce, other controlled studies were included. RESULTS: Mind/body techniques were found to be efficacious primarily as complementary treatments for musculoskeletal disease and related disorders. Studies provided evidence for treatment efficacy but most apparent was the need for further controlled research. CONCLUSIONS: Reviewers found a dearth of randomized controlled research conducted in the US. There is a lack of studies with which to determine appropriate dosage and understand the mechanisms by which many of the practices work. Anecdotal evidence, some controlled research, clinical observation, as well as the cost effectiveness and lack of side effects of the mind/body treatments make further investigation a high priority.

Balance control, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness among older Tai Chi practitioners.
Author
: Hong Y , Li JX , Robinson PD
Source
Br J Sports Med, 34(1): 29-34 2000
Abstract
: BACKGROUND: Tai Chi Chuan (TTC) exercise has beneficial effects on the components of physical condition and can produce a substantial reduction in the risk of multiple falls. Previous studies have shown that short term TCC exercise did not improve the scores in the single leg stance test with eyes closed and the sit and reach test. There has apparently been no research into the effects of TCC on total body rotation flexibility and heart rate responses at rest and after a three minute step test. METHODS: In this cross sectional study, 28 male TCC practitioners with an average age of 67.5 years old and 13.2 years of TCC exercise experience were recruited to form the TCC group. Another 30 sedentary men aged 66.2 were selected to serve as the control group. Measurements included resting heart rate, left and right single leg stance with eyes closed, modified sit and reach test, total body rotation test (left and right), and a three minute step test. RESULTS: Compared with the sedentary group, the TCC group had significantly better scores in resting heart rate, three minute step test heart rate, modified sit and reach, total body rotation test on both right and left side (p < 0.01), and both right and left leg standing with eyes closed (p < 0.05). According to the American Fitness Standards, the TCC group attained the 90th percentile rank for sit and reach and total body rotation test, right and left. CONCLUSION: Long term regular TCC exercise has favourable effects on the promotion of balance control, flexibility, and cardiovascular fitness in older adults.

Neutrophil function response to aerobic and anaerobic exercise in female judoka and untrained subjects.
Author
: Wolach B , Falk B , Gavrieli R , Kodesh E , Eliakim A
Source
Br J Sports Med, 34(1): 23-8 2000
Abstract
: OBJECTIVES: Recent studies have indicated reduced immunity in trained athletes. AIM: To assess the effects of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on the phagocytic process in 18-26 year old trained female judoka (n = 8) and untrained controls (n = 7). METHODS: Each subject participated randomly in two different testing sessions (aerobic, 20 minutes of treadmill running at 70-80% of maximal heart rate; anaerobic, Wingate anaerobic test). Venous blood samples were drawn before, immediately after, and 24 hours after each session. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in basal values of net chemotaxis (chemotaxis--random migration), bactericidal activity, and superoxide anion release between the judoka and the untrained women. There was a significant decrease in net chemotaxis 24 hours after the aerobic exercise in both the judoka (from 64 (19) to 39 (13) cells/field, p < 0.02) and the untrained controls (from 60 (7) to 47 (12) cells/field, p < 0.05). Bactericidal activity and superoxide anion release did not change significantly after aerobic exercise in either group. There were no significant changes in net chemotaxis, bactericidal activity, and superoxide anion release after anaerobic exercise in either the judoka or untrained women. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in net chemotaxis after aerobic, but not after anaerobic, exercise, suggests that net chemotaxis is affected by the combination of exercise intensity and duration, and not by the exercise intensity itself. Similar effects of both exercise sessions in the judoka and the untrained women suggest that training had no effect on neutrophil function response to aerobic and anaerobic exercises.

Correlating testosterone and fighting in male participants in judo contests.
Author
: Salvadora A , Suay F , Martinez-Sanchis S , Simon VM , Brain PF
Source
Physiol Behav, 68(1-2): 205-9 0
Abstract
: The role of hormones in human aggression is open to debate, but takes on a new urgency owing to the alarming abuse of androgenic anabolic steroids by some sports participants. In this study, video-taped behavior exhibited by 28 male competitors during a judo fight was assessed to analyze its relation to serum testosterone and cortisol levels measured before and after the bouts. A positive relation between testosterone and offensive behaviors was obtained in the sense that the greater the hormonal titer, the greater the number of threats, fights, and attacks. These findings coincide with the pattern of relationships found using observational scales. Conversely, cortisol also presented positive correlations with some of these behavioral categories but did not moderate the relationship between testosterone and competitive behavior. The present results corroborate and extend earlier findings on the role of these hormones in human behavior, giving support to the view that testosterone can be linked to the expression of competitive aggression.

A non-contact complete knee dislocation with popliteal artery disruption, a rare martial arts injury.
Author
: Viswanath YK , Rogers IM
Source
Postgrad Med J, 75(887): 552-3 1999
Abstract
: Complete knee dislocation is a rare injury and an associated incidence of popliteal artery damage ranges from 16-60% of cases. It occurs commonly in road traffic accidents and in high velocity trauma where significant contact remains as the usual mode of injury. We describe a rare case of non-contact knee dislocation with popliteal artery injury sustained while practising Aikido, a type of martial art. This patient successfully underwent closed reduction of the knee with an emergency vein bypass graft. Similar injury in association with Aikido has not been described in the English literature previously. Various martial art injuries are briefly discussed and safety recommendations made.

Magnesium, zinc, and copper status in women involved in different sports.
Author
: Nuviala RJ , Lapieza MG , Bernal E
Source
Int J Sport Nutr, 9(3): 295-309 1999
Abstract
: The dietary intake, serum levels, and urinary excretion of magnesium, zinc, and copper were studied in 78 women involved in different sports (karate, handball, basketball, and running) and in 65 sedentary women. Seven-day, weighed-food dietary reports revealed that no group of female athletes reached the minimal intake recommended for magnesium (280 mg/day) and zinc (12 mg/day), although their values were superior to those of the control group. The estimated safe and adequate minimal intake of copper (1.5 mg/day) was amply surpassed by the basketball players and runners but was not reached by the handball players. Serum levels and urinary excretion of magnesium, zinc and copper di not seem related either to their intake or to the type of physical activity performed. The influence of other factors such as nutritional status, bioavailability, intestinal absorption mechanisms, and muscle-level modifications might explain the differences between the different groups of female athletes.

Effects of T'ai Chi on balance.
Author
: Hain TC , Fuller L , Weil L , Kotsias J
Source
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 125(11): 1191-5 1999
Abstract
: OBJECTIVE: To determine if the practice of T'ai Chi significantly improves balance. METHODS: Twenty-two persons with mild balance disorders were studied. Five measures of balance were obtained, including 3 objective measures (moving platform posturography, Romberg testing, and reach testing) and 2 disability questionnaires (Dizziness Handicap Inventory and a modified Medical Outcomes Study general health survey). To be included, patients were required to be able to stand in the eyes-closed regular Romberg position for 30 seconds. The subjects underwent 8 weeks of T'ai Chi training and practice and then were retested. RESULTS: Highly significant improvements were found on both the posturography test and the Dizziness Handicap Inventory questionnaire scores (P<.001 and P=.004, respectively). Trends toward improvement were also noted in Romberg test results and the Medical Outcomes Study survey (P=.03 for both). Reach was not improved. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that T'ai Chi training improves balance.

Improving quality of life for people with chronic conditions: the example of t'ai chi and multiple sclerosis.
Author
: Husted C , Pham L , Hekking A , Niederman R
Source
Altern Ther Health Med, 5(5): 70-4 1999
Abstract
: CONTEXT: The greatest needs of people with chronic conditions are long-term care, maximized independence, and improved quality of life. With conventional medicine becoming increasingly expensive, depersonalized, and unable to adequately meet such needs, many with chronic conditions are seeking health promotion strategies to effectively manage their symptoms. OBJECTIVE: An 8-week t'ai chi program was conducted to explore psychosocial and physical benefits for those with multiple sclerosis. DESIGN: Nonrandomized, noncontrolled pilot study. SETTING: American College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, San Francisco, Calif. PATIENTS: 19 patients with multiple sclerosis. INTERVENTION: T'ai chi. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Walking speed (distance = 25 ft), hamstring flexibility, and psychosocial well-being as measured by the Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-form Health Survey. RESULTS: Walking speed increased by 21% and hamstring flexibility increased by 28%. Patients experienced improvements in vitality, social functioning, mental health, and ability to carry out physical and emotional roles. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot program was conducted entirely on a volunteer basis and led to the implementation of several additional t'ai chi classes for people with multiple sclerosis across the United States. T'ai chi and other health promotion programs offer help toward achieving the goals of increasing access to services, maximizing independence, and improving quality of life for people with chronic disabling conditions.

Judo--the gentle way: a replication of studies on martial arts and aggression.
Author
: Lamarre BW , Nosanchuk TA
Source
Percept Mot Skills, 88(3 Pt 1): 992-6 1999
Abstract
: There have been numerous studies of the effects of traditional martial arts training on aggressiveness, most reporting a decline in aggressiveness with training. The majority of these studies have examined students of karate or taekwondo, disciplines emphasizing strikes and blocks. In contrast, this cross-sectional study examined the effects of traditional judo training on aggressiveness by looking at 51 judo students. Furthermore, we incorporate into our analysis two variables generally associated with aggression, age and sex, to control for their effects. Aggressiveness declined as expected across training and ages, but surprisingly sex had no effect in this setting.

Head and neck injuries in young taekwondo athletes.
Author
: Pieter W , Zemper ED
Source
J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 39(2): 147-53 1999
Abstract
: BACKGROUND: To investigate the location, type, situation and mechanism of head and neck injuries in young taekwondo athletes. METHODS: Experimental design: Prospective. Setting: National and international taekwondo tournaments. Participants: 3,341 boys and 917 girls, aged 6 to 16 years. Measures: Injury rates per 1,000 athlete-exposures (A-E) for total number of head and neck injuries, location, type, situation, and mechanism of injury. RESULTS: There was a significant difference between young male and female taekwondo athletes in total head and neck injury rate (p < 0.001) with the boys (21.42/1,000 A-E) recording a higher rate than the girls (16.91/1,000 A-E). The head was the most often injured body part (6.10/1,000 A-E and 4.55/1,000 A-E for boys and girls, respectively). The contusion was the most often occurring injury type for both boys (8.41/1,000 A-E) and girls (7.80/1,000 A-E). The cerebral concussion ranked second in both boys (5.11/1,000 A-E) and girls (4.55/1,000 A-E). The unblocked attack was the major injury situation for both boys (19.78/1,000 A-E) and girls (14.96/1,000 A-E). As a consequence, the major injury mechanism was receiving a blow (20.93/1,000 A-E and 16.25/1,000 A-E for boys and girls, respectively). Only the boys (0.66/1,000 A-E) incurred the most serious head and neck injuries that resulted in > or = 21 days away from participation. CONCLUSIONS: The national and international taekwondo governing bodies should review their current injury prevention measures. Given the potentially debilitating nature of these injuries, implications for any diagnostic capabilities on site should be carefully reviewed.

Effects of competition and its outcome on serum testosterone, cortisol and prolactin.
Author
: Suay F , Salvador A , González-Bono E , Sanchís C , Martínez M , Martínez-Sanchis S , Simón VM , Montoro JB
Source
Psychoneuroendocrinology, 24(5): 551-66 1999
Abstract
: In various species, competitive encounters influence hormonal responses in a different way depending on their outcome, victory or defeat. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sports competition and its outcome on hormonal response, comparing it with those displayed in situations involving non-effort and non-competitive effort. To this end, serum testosterone (T), cortisol (C) and prolactin (PRL) were measured in 26 judoists who participated in three sessions (control, judo fight and ergometry). The relationship between hormonal changes and psychological variables before and after the fight were also analysed. Our results showed a hormonal response to competition, which was especially characterized by an anticipatory rise of T and C. Depending on outcome, significant higher C levels were found in winners in comparison to losers through all the competition but not in T or PRL, both groups expending a similar physical effort. Furthermore, similar hormonal responses to the fight and to a non-competitive effort with the same caloric cost were found, other than with PRL. Winners showed a higher appraisal of their performance and satisfaction with the outcome, and perceived themselves as having more ability to win than losers, although there were no significant differences in motivation to win. Finally, the relationships found between T changes in competition and motivation to win, as well as between C response and self-efficacy suggest that in humans hormonal response to competition is not a direct consequence of winning and losing but rather is mediated by complex psychological processes.

Injury rates in Shotokan karate.
Author
: Critchley GR , Mannion S , Meredith C
Source
Br J Sports Med, 33(3): 174-7 1999
Abstract
: OBJECTIVE: To document the injury rate in three British Shotokan karate championships in consecutive years. In these tournaments strict rules governed contact, with only "light" or "touch" contact allowed. Protective padding for the head, hands, or feet was prohibited. METHODS: Prospective recording of injuries resulting from 1770 bouts in three national competitions of 1996, 1997, and 1998. Details of ages and years of karate experience were also obtained. RESULTS: 160 injuries were sustained in 1770 bouts. The overall rate of injury was 0.09 per bout and 0.13 per competitor. 91 (57%) injuries were to the head. The average age of those injured was 22 years, with an average of nine years of experience in karate. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of protective padding does not result in higher injury rates than in most other series of Shotokan karate injuries. Strict refereeing is essential, however, to maintain control and minimise contact. Language:

Judo strategy. The competitive dynamics of Internet time.
Author
: Yoffie DB , Cusumano MA
Source
Harv Bus Rev, 77(1): 70-81 0
Abstract
: Competition on the Internet is creating fierce battles between industry giants and small-scale start-ups. Smart start-ups can avoid those conflicts by moving quickly to uncontested ground and, when that's no longer possible, turning dominant players' strengths against them. The authors call this competitive approach judo strategy. They use the Netscape-Microsoft battles to illustrate the three main principles of judo strategy: rapid movement, flexibility, and leverage. In the early part of the browser wars, for instance, Netscape applied the principle of rapid movement by being the first company to offer a free stand-alone browser. This allowed Netscape to build market share fast and to set the market standard. Flexibility became a critical factor later in the browser wars. In December 1995, when Microsoft announced that it would "embrace and extend" competitors' Internet successes, Netscape failed to give way in the face of superior strength. Instead it squared off against Microsoft and even turned down numerous opportunities to craft deep partnerships with other companies. The result was that Netscape lost deal after deal when competing with Microsoft for common distribution channels. Netscape applied the principle of leverage by using Microsoft's strengths against it. Taking advantage of Microsoft's determination to convert the world to Windows or Windows NT, Netscape made its software compatible with existing UNIX systems. While it is true that these principles can't replace basic execution, say the authors, without speed, flexibility, and leverage, very few companies can compete successfully on Internet time.

The effect of Tai Chi on cardiorespiratory function in patients with coronary artery bypass surgery.
Author
: Lan C , Chen SY , Lai JS , Wong MK
Source
Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31(5): 634-8 1999
Abstract
: PURPOSE: This study prospectively evaluated the training effect of a 1-yr Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) program for low-risk patients with coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS) after a postoperative outpatient (phase II) cardiac rehabilitation program. METHODS: Twenty patients with mean age of 56.5+/-7.4 yr completed this study. The TCC group included nine men who practiced classical Yang TCC with an exercise intensity of 48-57% heart rate range (HRR). The control group included 11 men whom were recommended to do a home-based self-adjusted exercise program with similar intensity of phase II cardiac rehabilitation. Graded exercise tests were performed before and after 1 yr of training for all subjects. RESULTS: Mean attendance of the TCC group was 3.8+/-1.5 times weekly in contrast to 1.7+/-1.1 times for the control group. During the follow-up examination, the TCC group increased 10.3% in VO2peak (from 26.2+/-4.4 to 28.9+/-5.0 mL x kg(-1) min(-1), P<0.01) and increased 11.9% in peak work rate (from 135+/-26 W to 151+/-28 W, P<0.01). However, the control group showed slight decrease in VO2peak from 26.0+/-3.9 to 25.6+/-4.6 mL x kg(-1) x min(-1) and in peak work rate from 131+/-23 W to 128+/-32 W. At the ventilatory threshold, the TCC group also showed significant increase in VO2 and work rate (P<0.05). The control group did not significantly change in these variables. CONCLUSIONS: The study demonstrated that a 1-yr TCC program for low-risk patients with CABS could favorably enhance cardiorespiratory function.

A single case report of healing through specific martial art therapy: comparison of MRI to clinical resolution in severe cervical stenosis: a case report.
Author
: Massey PB , Kisling GM
Source
J Altern Complement Med, 5(1): 75-9 1999
Abstract
: OBJECTIVES: A 76-year-old patient with chronic and severe spinal cord compression secondary to cervical stenosis, a cervical osteophyte, and a herniated intervertebral cervical disk had lasting resolution of symptoms after completing a specific, martial art-based, physical therapy program. We wanted to determine if there were structural changes in the cervical spine that could account for the prompt resolution of symptoms. DESIGN: A 76-year-old female completed 8 weeks of a specific, martial art-based, physical therapy. The pretherapy and posttherapy cervical magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were compared. A follow-up evaluation was done at 1 year. RESULTS: The patient was symptom-free within 8 weeks of the start of therapy. She remained symptom-free at 1 year follow-up evaluation. There were no obvious structural differences in the pretherapy and posttherapy MRI studies. CONCLUSIONS: Resolution of symptoms was directly related to the specific martial art therapy. However, there were no changes in the pretherapy and posttherapy MRI studies, suggesting a significant adaptation to the spinal compression had occurred. These data suggest a viable option to surgery in elderly patients with chronic and severe cervical spinal stenosis.

Coactivation of the flexor muscles as a synergist with the extensors during ballistic finger extension movement in trained kendo and karate athletes.
Author
: Lee JB , Matsumoto T , Othman T , Yamauchi M , Taimura A , Kaneda E , Ohwatari N , Kosaka M
Source
Int J Sports Med, 20(1): 7-11 1999
Abstract
: To analyse the effects of ballistic property training on ballistic finger extension movement, surface electromyographic pattern (EMGs) of the finger extensor and flexor muscles and the acceleration signal of the middle finger were recorded in trained kendo and karate athletes, and sedentary non-athletic men. Ballistic finger extension did not show the characteristic triphasic EMG pattern reported in single joint, but a coactivation of flexor and extensor muscles. Reaction time (RT) in kendo (143 +/- 12 msec) and karate (146 +/- 11 msec) athletes were significantly shorter than that in the control (176 +/- 12 msec). The shortenings of the RT were attributed to both the shortenings of premotor time and motor time. The delay of the flexor muscles discharge after those of the extensors in kendo (0.8 +/- 7.0 msec) and karate (-0.2 +/- 5.0 msec) athletes was significantly shorter than in control (12.7 +/-5.6 msec). These results suggest that the RT is shortened through motor learning in the kendo and karate athletes who trained for momentary movements; and that the flexor muscles may play an important role as a synergist in heightening the efficiency of ballistic finger extension in coordination with the extensor muscles.

Martial arts.
Author
: Buschbacher RM , Shay T
Source
Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am, 10(1): 35-47, vi 1999
Abstract
: The martial arts have a reputation for being a high-risk activity, but are generally practiced in a safe environment. This article presents the results of a survey which is used to calculate risk of injury per 1000 hours of practice. The injury rate compares favorably with other mainstream activities; in fact, the martial arts are generally considered safer than most. The most common injuries occur to the wrist, hand, finger, foot, knee, head, and thigh. Special issues of importance for prevention and treatment of these injuries are discussed.

The effects of aerobic exercise and T'ai Chi on blood pressure in older people: results of a randomized trial.
Author
: Young DR , Appel LJ , Jee S , Miller ER
Source
J Am Geriatr Soc, 47(3): 277-84 1999
Abstract
: OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects on blood pressure of a 12-week moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program and a T'ai Chi program of light activity. DESIGN: A randomized clinical trial. SETTING: A suburban clinic in the Baltimore, MD, area. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty-two sedentary older adults (45% black, 79% women, aged > or = 60 years) with systolic blood pressure 130-159 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure < 95 mm Hg (not on antihypertensive medication). INTERVENTION: Participants were randomized to a 12-week aerobic exercise program or a light intensity T'ai Chi program. The goal of each condition was to exercise 4 days per week, 30 minutes per day. MEASUREMENTS: Blood pressure was measured during three screening visits and every 2 weeks during the intervention. Estimated maximal oxygen uptake and measures of physical activity level were determined at baseline and at the end of the intervention period. RESULTS: Mean (SD) baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 139.9 (9.3) mm Hg and 76.0 (7.3) mm Hg, respectively. For systolic blood pressure, adjusted mean (SE) changes during the 12-week intervention period were -8.4 (1.6) mm Hg and -7.0 (1.6) mm Hg in the aerobic exercise and T'ai Chi groups, respectively (each within-group P < .001; between-group P = .56). For diastolic blood pressure, corresponding changes were -3.2 (1.0) mm Hg in the aerobic exercise group and -2.4 (1.0) mm Hg in the T'ai Chi group (each within-group P < .001; between-group P = .54). Body weight did not change in either group. Estimated maximal aerobic capacity tended to increase in aerobic exercise (P = .06) but not in T'ai Chi (P = .24). CONCLUSIONS: Programs of moderate intensity aerobic exercise and light exercise may have similar effects on blood pressure in previously sedentary older individuals. If additional trials confirm these results, promoting light intensity activity could have substantial public health benefits as a means to reduce blood pressure in older aged persons.

Incidence of reported cerebral concussion in adult taekwondo athletes.
Author
: Pieter W , Zemper ED
Source
J R Soc Health, 118(5): 272-9 1998
Abstract
: The purpose of the present study was to assess the exact conditions under which cerebral concussions occur in full-contact taekwondo competition. Injury data were collected by project staff and tournament medical personnel with simple check-off forms that describe the athlete and nature, site, circumstances and severity of the injury. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine the difference in injury rate between men and women. The men (7.04/1,000 athlete-exposures) sustained more cerebral concussions than the women (2.42/1,000 athlete-exposures) (p < 0.001). The dominant injury mechanism in both the males and females was receiving a blow (6.46/1,000 athlete-exposures and 2.42/1,000 athlete-exposures for the men and women, respectively).

Oxygen uptake, heart rate, and blood lactate responses during and following karate training.
Author
: Imamura H , Yoshimura Y , Nishimura S , Nakazawa AT , Nishimura C , Shirota T
Source
Med Sci Sports Exerc, 31(2): 342-7 1999
Abstract
: PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine whether each exercise and an entire karate training session can achieve: 1) accepted training intensity thresholds for effective aerobic capacity training, 2) energy expenditure (EE) thresholds for total body mass and fat weight loss, and 3) elevation in excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). METHODS: We investigated physiological responses during five types of karate training: basic techniques without (S-Basics) and with (M-Basics) movements, sparring techniques without (TECH I) and with (TECH II) an opponent, and kata. RESULTS: The mean percent of maximal oxygen uptake (%VO2max) and HR (%HRmax) for S-Basics were below the accepted threshold (60% of HRmax or 50% of VO2max) and for M-Basics, TECH I and TECH II were above the threshold for increasing VO2max. For kata and the entire 70 min of karate training, the mean %HRmax were slightly above the threshold, and %VO2max were slightly below the threshold. The mean EPOC measured for 5 min immediately following 70 min of karate training did not differ from the resting VO2. The mean EE resulting from 70 min of karate exercise and EPOC were 2355.4+/-316.3 kJ and 38.8+/-32.7 kJ, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Although the training intensity of karate exercises studied was moderate and the effects of karate training on EPOC were minimal, the mean value of EE was well above the accepted threshold for total body mass and fat weight loss.

The cardiovascular responses of male subjects to kung fu techniques. Expert/novice paradigm.
Author
: Jones MA , Unnithan VB
Source
J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 38(4): 323-9 1998
Abstract
: BACKGROUND: The primary aim was to assess cardiovascular responses of expert and novice subjects to kung fu techniques. It was hypothesised that experienced subjects would demonstrate improved economy of movement during the techniques, evidenced by reduced exercise intensity. METHODS: Experimental design: a comparative design was established utilising two groups; experienced (group E), and novice (group N). Setting: the experimentation took place under laboratory conditions, but was designed to maximise external validity. Participants: the only preselection variables were regular attendance at training and experience. Nine experienced males (group E, exp 9.5 +/- 5.2 yrs) and nine novice males (group N, exp 1.2 +/- 0.1 yrs) participated. The only exclusion guidelines were contraindications to participate within a maximal test, no subjects were excluded upon this basis. Interventions: N/A. Measures: each subject participated in three kung fu protocols (forms, kicking and punching). Each protocol, randomly allocated, consisted of ten work (30 sec) and ten rest periods (30 sec). Measures taken during the protocols were heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO2). These were expressed as a percentage of maximal values to reflect exercise intensity. RESULTS: During both the form protocol and punching protocol group E were found to be working at a significantly (p < 0.05) lower % VO2 max than group N (forms--group E = 71.5 +/- 5.3, group N = 82.1 +/- 6.1; punching--group E = 37.5 +/- 2.1, group N = 40.6 +/- 2.6, p < 0.05). This suggests that experienced subjects were more economical when performing similar movement patterns. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that cardiovascular responses to kung fu techniques differ depending upon experience level. It is difficult to directly relate this to improved economy since work output could not be accurately quantified. It was also found that kung fu protocols elicited exercise intensity into the cardiovascular training zone.

Relationship between muscle fiber pennation and force generation capability in Olympic athletes.
Author
: Ichinose Y , Kanehisa H , Ito M , Kawakami Y , Fukunaga T
Source
Int J Sports Med, 19(8): 541-6 1998
Abstract
: The thickness (TBmt) and fiber pennation angle (TBpen) of triceps brachii as well as isokinetic force developed during elbow extension were measured in Olympic athletes to investigate the relationship between muscle fiber pennation and force generation capability. The subjects were male members of the 1996 Japanese Olympic team who competed in seven different events; 9 wrestlers, 16 soccer players, 11 sprinters, 5 judo athletes, 7 gymnasts, 9 rowers and 18 baseball players. The TBmt and TBpen, measured by a B-mode ultrasound, ranged between 29 mm and 50 mm and between 11 degrees and 30 degrees, respectively, and on average were larger in the judo athletes, wrestlers and gymnasts compared to the other groups. A significant correlation (r=0.580, p < 0.05) was found between TPpen and TBmt per unit of the upper arm length, and so the observed event-related differences in TBpen tended to reflect the differences in TBmt. The isokinetic forces relative to the cross-sectional area (CSA) estimated from TBmt, measured at two constant velocities of 1.05 rad/s (F1.05/CSA) and 3.14 rad/s (F3.14/ CSA), were negatively correlated to the CSA; r=-0.617 (p < 0.05) for F1.05/CSA and r=-0.635 (p < 0.05) for F3.14/CSA. In addition, low but significant negative correlations existed between TBpen and both F1.05/CSA (r=-0.365, p < 0.05) and F3.14/ CSA (r=-0.336, p <0.05). Even when the effect of TBpen was statistically normalized, the F1.05/CSA and F3.14/CSA were still negatively correlated to the CSA, r=-0.530 (p < 0.05) for F1.05/ CSA and r=-0.561 (p < 0.05) for F3.14/CSA. Therefore, at least in the Olympic athletes tested in this study, the magnitude of the pennation angles reflects muscle size, but it does not seem to be a factor that explains extensively the lower F/CSA in athletes with large muscle size.

Bilateral epicondylitis in a karate instructor.
Author
: Halloran L
Source
Orthop Nurs, 17(5): 28-30 0
Abstract
: Epicondylitis can be a debilitating condition that restricts activity and causes pain. Severe cases can require surgical repair. Early and thorough assessment and instituting treatment expeditiously will help prevent lengthy rehabilitation. It is well documented that sports requiring repetitive wrist movements or tension overloading of wrist extensors, such as racquet sports and bowling, are associated with the development of epicondylitis. In this case study, the sport of karate precipitated this condition in a 38-year-old instructor. The significance of karate as a possible risk factor in epicondylitis is important given the proliferation of karate schools, especially those for children.

The application of traditional martial arts practice and theory to the treatment of violent adolescents.
Author
: Twemlow SW , Sacco FC
Source
Adolescence, 33(131): 505-18 0
Abstract
: Components of an effective treatment program for violent adolescents, and the complex problems posed by youth gangs, are discussed. It is proposed that traditionally taught martial arts can provide a useful alternative for such dysfunctional adolescents. The literature on the use of martial arts in the treatment of violence is reviewed, and the program philosophy is described. The program utilizes a commitment to respect and self-control, with an emphasis on leadership and community service using the traditional model of a gentle warrior. Oversight is provided by trained instructors, whose psychological and philosophical approach stresses nonviolence. The program also assists youths in coping with the complexities of an often dysfunctional family environment. Clinical examples detail the application of such a program in specialized martial arts schools, residential treatment, and public school classes.

Sport and active recreation injuries in Australia: evidence from emergency department presentations.
Author
: Finch C , Valuri G , Ozanne-Smith J
Source
Br J Sports Med, 32(3): 220-5 1998
Abstract
: OBJECTIVE: Despite the rise in specialist clinical services for the management of sports and active recreation injury, many patients attend hospital emergency departments for treatment. The purpose of this study was to describe sports injury cases presented to selected hospital emergency departments around Australia for the period 1989-1993. METHODS: Routinely collected emergency department injury presentation data from the Australian National Injury Surveillance Unit were examined. Data on 98,040 sports and active recreation emergency department presentations were analysed. Sports and active recreation activities were ranked according to frequency of presentation. Relative proportions of injury type and body region injured were determined. Data are presented separately for children (<15 years of age) and adults (>15 years of age). RESULTS: Among the 10 activities that most commonly led to a sports or active recreation injury presentation for all ages were cycling, Australian football, basketball, soccer, cricket, netball, and rugby. For children, injuries were also commonly associated with roller skating/blading, skateboarding, and trampolining. Hockey, martial arts, and dancing injuries were frequent in adults. Most sporting injuries occurred during organised competition or practice whereas the active recreation injuries occurred in a variety of settings. Fractures, strains, and sprains, particularly to the lower and upper extremities, were common types of injury. CONCLUSION: The rich, but nevertheless limited, information available about sports and active recreation injuries from data collected in emergency departments indicates that these activities are a common context for injury at the community level in Australia.

Spectral analysis of electroencephalography changes after choking in judo (juji-jime).
Author
: Rau R , Raschka C , Brunner K , Banzer W
Source
Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30(9): 1356-62 1998
Abstract
: PURPOSE: The present study was carried out to investigate possible electroencephalographic changes induced by choking in judo (shime-waza) by means of spectral analysis and brain mapping. METHODS: Power spectral changes in Electroencephalography (EEG) were recorded in six experienced judoka who underwent a choking trial with a "shime-waza choking" technique called juji-jime. RESULTS: A significant increase of global field power in the delta- and theta-range occurred, while physiological alpha-power decreased. These changes in the low-frequency range reached a statistically significant level within a time span up to 20 s after choking, which was performed at an average choking time of 8 s. In no case did choking provoke neuropsychological symptoms. Yet, spectral EEG-analysis revealed subclinical changes of brain function. CONCLUSIONS: Choking in judo may induce subclinical electroencephalographic perturbations. The extent and duration can be objectified by means of spectral analysis of EEG data, global field power computation, and brain-mapping representation.

Anticipatory postural adjustment and T'ai Chi Ch'uan.
Author
: Forrest WR
Source
Biomed Sci Instrum, 33(): 65-70 1997
Abstract
: Recently much attention has focused on T'ai Chi Ch'uan as a method of improving balance and reducing the risk of falls in the elderly. Little has been done to determine the mechanism of these improvements. This study examined the effects of a sixteen week training program on anticipatory postural adjustments (APA). Eight subjects (median age 36.5) in good health, with no prior training in T'ai Chi were tested. The battery of tests included load dropping of 2.2 kg loads by the subjects standing on an unstable board placed on a force platform. The level and direction of instability were varied. The results show counterintuitive reductions in the APAs of several muscle groups while the stability of standing improved. We interpret the findings as an indication that practicing T'ai Chi leads to a greater use of the elasticity of the peripheral structures involving muscles, ligaments, and tendons while the participation of the central neutral structures in postural equilibrium is decreased.

Doing or being?
Author
: Flower J
Source
Physician Exec, 24(5): 56-8 0
Abstract
: The founder of Aikido, Morihei Ueshiba, would occasionally distill the essence of the art into three simple shapes--a circle, a square, and a triangle. These are three basic ways of dealing with what's coming at you. The square is the simplest. It is about, essentially, doing nothing. The saying here is from the old spiritual: "I shall not be moved." You meet the challenge head on. The triangle is about forward motion--attack, cutting right to the heart of what is coming at you, or cutting right past it to the space beyond. The circle is often the most interesting space. The circle is not about standing ground or cutting through. The circle is about dancing with whatever is headed your way. The real danger lies in being stuck in any one mode--perpetually intransigent, always flailing away in attack mode, or forever slip-sliding through one dance step after another. It is only when our response is embodied in who we are that we will have the power truly to lead other people.

A study of sports-related mandibular angle fracture: relation to the position of the third molars.
Author
: Yamada T , Sawaki Y , Tohnai I , Takeuchi M , Ueda M
Source
Scand J Med Sci Sports, 8(2): 116-9 1998
Abstract
: Mandibular angle fractures have been considered attributable to the presence of unerupted third molars. We examined the relationship between the incidence of sports-related mandibular angle fractures and the presence of a mandibular third molar with emphasis on the position of the third molar. The incidence of angle fracture was significantly higher in the sports-related injury group than in the group with fracture due to other causes (P < 0.05). The incidence of angle fracture in the athletes with higher impaction scores was significantly higher than that in the subjects with higher scores who did not have sports-related fractures (P < 0.05). The percentage of rugby athletes with third molars was significantly higher than that of those without third molars (P < 0.001), and a high proportion of young athletes (89.5%) was considered to belong to a potential high-risk group for angle fractures. Our findings suggest that mandibular angle fractures are influenced by the presence and characteristics of the third molar in sports-related injuries.

Physiological profiles of male and female taekwon-do (ITF) black belts.
Author
: Heller J , Peric T , Dlouhá R , Kohlíková E , Melichna J , Nováková H
Source
J Sports Sci, 16(3): 243-9 1998
Abstract
: Baseline physiological and kinanthropometric data were collected for 11 male and 12 female elite taekwon-do athletes from the Czech national team for evaluation of anthropometry, aerobic and anaerobic capacities, strength, visual reaction time, pulmonary function, flexibility and explosive power of the lower limbs (vertical jump). Both male and female taekwon-do black belts demonstrated low adiposity (8.2 and 15.4% fat, BMI 21.9 and 22.0 kg m(-2), respectively), normal reactivity and pulmonary function, above average muscular strength, PWC-170 (3.4 vs 2.7 W kg(-1)) and aerobic power (54 vs 42 ml min(-1) kg(-1)), and a high flexibility (37 and 38 cm) and anaerobic performance (peak power output from a 30 s Wingate test=14.7 and 10.1 W kg(-1); anaerobic capacity=334 and 242 J kg(-1), in males and females, respectively). In male athletes, competitive performance was significantly related to maximum power output and upper limb reaction time only, whereas in females, performance was related to maximum power output and ventilatory threshold level. These variables accounted for 66 and 67% of the performance rank in males and females, respectively. Time-motion analysis of competition taekwon-do fighting (two times 2 min) revealed 3-5 s bouts of maximum exercise alternating with low-intensity periods. This elicits high heart rates (100% HRmax) and lactate responses (11.4 mmol l(-1) = 81% LAmax), which agrees well with the physiological characteristics of taekwon-do black belts measured in laboratory exercise tests.

A parametric study of the thoracic injury potential of basic taekwondo kicks.
Author
: Chuang TY , Lieu DK
Source
J Biomech Eng, 114(3): 346-51 1992
Abstract
: A parametric investigation of the thoracic injury potential of basic taekwondo kicks was conducted through the use of computer simulations. Linkage-based models were employed to simulate the kinetics of the kicking leg and were used to drive a human thorax model. The results of the analysis according to the thoracic compression criterion indicated a minimal probability of severe injury (AIS4+) for swing kicks, nearly 0 percent and thrust kicks, less than three percent. The thoracic viscous criteria, on the other hand, predicted a severe injury probability of up to 100 percent for swing kicks and up to 80 percent for thrust kicks. Additional analysis showed that the injury potential was a strong function of the kick velocity and a weak function of the applied constant force. The injury potential was also found to be a weak function of the size and weight of the kicking leg, with variations in the peak compression and viscous response being typically below 5 percent for a 20 percent change in either the mass or the length.